Critical assessment, Case Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 352750 words

Critical assessment, Case Law - Essay Example Critical assessment, Case Law Local or domestic authorities involved can assume parental obligations via an administrative protocol. Children, folks and other siblings were not able to pose a challenge to local authority choices on contact with the children during care, say in scarce scenarios which presented themselves. There were unfair accesses to the jurisdiction of the courts. Most of these issues and injustices became handled by the Children Act in a way to attain a better comprehension between the requirements of the children for safeguarding and the rights of folks to be involved wholly in the proceedings, even though certain new issues did emerge (Brayne & Cart 2008, p.12). Therefore, under section 31(1), only the domestic authority or a mandated individual, or any of its offices can draft an application for a care or supervising order and the domestic authority can no longer apply or follow the apparent jurisdiction from the High Court for such motives. Folks are able to challenge the domestic authority choices, children can be independently represented, the guardian may review the task undertaken by the domestic authority with the children and folks and hence makes a recommendation in regards to the sole welfare of the children, and where relatives of the extended household have a unique interest in the proceeding, they can make an application to the court to be adjoined in the proceedings (Dorothy 1991, p.20).

Philosophy on Guidance and Classroom Management Essay Example for Free

Philosophy on Guidance and Classroom Management Essay My philosophy on guidance and classroom management includes the ideas that as an educator I am responsible for providing an environment that allows each child to explore their own innate curiosity. NAEYC Standards states in regard to promote child development and learning an educator must be knowledgeable and understanding the multiple influences on early development and learning. Using developmental knowledge to create healthy, respectful, supportive, and challenging learning environments for young children in which I will provide an environment that exhibits compassion, that is secure, caring, and a stimulating atmosphere in which to grow and mature emotionally, intellectually, physically, and socially. I will allow children to become responsible members of the community by using strategies such as positive discipline and democratic principles. I will demonstrate to the children how to become responsible for themselves as well as their own learning. I will present curriculum that involves the interests of the children and make learning relevant to life. This will be operated through thematic units, projects, small group activities as well as hands on activities and individual assignments in order to make the children active learners. STANDARD 2: BUILDING FAMILY AND COMMUNITY RELATIONSHIPS It is my responsibility to ensure parents that the classroom will promote a positive learning experience; they will receive a handbook that will provide detailed information on policies and procedures. I will provide a curriculum that demonstrates meaningful experiences that respond to the children’s strengths, interests and needs. I will provide access to information (such as a class website) and newsletter rather than acting as the primary source of information. Students and parents will be provided with access to hands on activities that will allow adequate time and space to use materials that reinforce the lesson being studied for an opportunity for individual discover and construction of knowledge to occur. Parents will have an opportunity to schedule conferences for face to face interaction three times within the school year. Based on NAEYC second standard, which states to build family and community relationships, Based on NAEYC second standard, which states to build fam ily and community relationships, there will be an open door policy that will allow parents to interact with his/her child during the course of the day as well as special pop in visits. This will not only allow the parents to feel a part of the educational program but will also show their children their interest in their learning. In order to promote the most supportive classroom for children’s healthy development I would incorporate three components which would help to ensure continuity in children’s development: developmentally appropriate curricula, parents and school collaboration, and community support and services provided by social service agencies building supportive relationships with parents will influence these three components, this will help parents understand and sanction what is being taught. It is important that a well functioning classroom be aligned with the NAEYC standards. A classroom teacher has an ethical responsibility to the children. The teacher must recognize and respect the unique qualities, abilities and potential of each child. It is imperative that support is given to each child allowing them to play and learn in an inclusive environment, one that meets the needs of children with and without disabilities. Teachers also have a responsibility to the parents. Teachers should develop relationships of mutual trust and create partnerships with the families that are being provided and educational service. Teachers should always make every effort to communicate effectively with all families in a language that they understand. As well as inform families about the nature and purpose of all assessments that are used with their children. In regard to providing information about injuries and accidents, as well as risks of exposures to communicable diseases that might result in infection, the teacher will notify parents in a timely manner through verbal communication, flyers, and classroom postings. A classroom that is built on a solid foundation has dynamic classroom management techniques, showers their children with an abundance of love, as well as respect for families is a classroom that also follows Developmentally Appropriate Practices outlined by the National Association of Education for Young Children (NAEYC). Based on the Developmentally Appropriate Practices set forth by NAEYC, in regards to educators within the preschool-primary spectrum the goal is not for children to learn primary grade skills at an earlier age; it is for their teachers to take the first steps together to ensure that young children develop and learn, to be able to acquire such skills and understandings as they progress in school. References: Lombardi, J. (1992). Beyond transition: Ensuring continuity in5 early childhood services. ERIC Digest. Urbana, IL: ERIC Clearinghouse on Elementary and Early Childhood Education NAEYC.org

Functionalism Essay -- Philosophy, Psychofunctionalism

Functionalism is a materialist stance in the philosophy of mind that argues that mental states are purely functional, and thus categorized by their input and output associations and causes, rather than by the physical makeup that constitutes its parts. In this manner, functionalism argues that as long as something operates as a conscious entity, then it is conscious. Block describes functionalism, discusses its inherent dilemmas, and then discusses a more scientifically-driven counter solution called psychofunctionalism and its failings as well. Although Block’s assertions are cogent and well-presented, the psychofunctionalist is able to provide counterarguments to support his viewpoint against Block’s criticisms. I shall argue that though both concepts are not without issue, functionalism appears to satisfy a more acceptable description that philosophers can admit over psychofunctionalism’s chauvinistic disposition that attempts to limit consciousness only to th e human race. To commence, functionalists are preoccupied with making mental states distinct, partly on the basis of causal relations to other mental states. Functionalism involves the conviction that psychological or mental terms can be done away to a certain extent. Functionalists treat terms related to mental states as functional characterizations which differ from input and output terms. Therefore, when the theory is broken down, mental states are associated with the states of the Turing-machine, which on its own is defined as a machine table that mentions inputs and outputs that are not explored in the mind (Block, pg. 212). Additionally, functionalism empathizes that characterization of mental states ought to include descriptions of inputs and outputs in both it... ...e to claim that objects that were created by humans, including robots, wire and metal structures and series of computer networks could and do possess qualia. Once people have reached the highest nirvana in the limits of consciousness and can create a consciousness device to measure its depths among classes of humans and non-humans, then functionalism can be shelved and rejected if it is the case that a robot does not contain qualia. Until then, however, functionalism needs to be carefully considered and not disregarded for its merits in the problem of mental states. Though for many, psychofunctionalism may be the more favorable choice because it is easier for people to consider themselves as the most intelligent beings and rulers of the universe rather than every collection of objects that satisfy the functional role to have consciousness on the same level as them.

Implied Terms :: essays research papers fc

TABLE OF CONTENTS 1)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Introduction 2)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Implied Terms 3)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Custom / Usage 4)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Court 5)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Past Dealings 6)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Statute 7)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Goods Act 8)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Trade Practices Act 9)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Conclusion 10)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Recommendations 11)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Bibliography INTRODUCTION   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Agreements are formed in almost every communication; electronic, written or oral; daily. Once an agreement fulfills the components required of a contract, therein lies the existence of terms of a contract.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  These terms depict an obligation between parties involved in the form of Express terms or Implied terms. Express terms are material terms stated by the parties involved, and can be interpreted in 3 ways; Oral, Written, Oral and Written.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Implied terms are terms normally not stated or not known by the parties, and may be derived from Custom/Usage, Court, or Statute. Custom terms are referenced to conventions or usages in a particular industry or trade. Court terms are adopted when an oversight of the parties occur, in order to give ‘business efficacy’ to the contract based on prior or past dealings. Statute terms are referred to the various states, territories and Commonwealth Trade Practices Act when the contract is formed.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When a sale of goods involving consumer and corporations, Trade Practices Act and the Goods Act ; statutes established by the Commonwealth and its State parliament; may be used to protect consumers from the conduct of these contracts. Act s.4B of TPA defines a ‘consumer’ as someone who acquires goods or services for less than $40,000. Act s.85(1) of Goods Act applies if goods are worth less than $20,000. IMPLIED TERMS   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The case of BROGDEN v METROPOLITAN RAILWAY illustrates one of the early cases of implied terms; in which the conduct of a party is sufficient for the courts to hold an implied terms judgement, despite a lack of an offer & acceptance. The unilaterally signed agreement was actually a counter-offer, despite there was no mutual agreement to the changes of terms by Brogden. But the courts held that the conduct of Metropolitan Railway as valid.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A simple illustration to determine if a term should be implied into a contract is in the case of SHIRLAW v SOUTHERN FOUNDRIES , where MacKinnon LJ quoted, â€Å"†¦in any contract is left to be implied and need not be expressed is something so obvious that it goes without saying†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . Custom/Usage   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In a particular industry, references as to what is ‘common practice’ or ‘usages’ of the companies are dictated by themselves and not by the courts. When they act upon a contract based on their trade understanding, certain standards exist. In the case of BRITISH CRANE HIRE CORP LTD v IPSWICH PLANT HIRE LTD , a hire form sent to hirer was merely to facilitate the formal procedures and understanding.

American Society Today

The society of America today is total different for most Americans then what it was during the 1950s , 1960s , 1970s and on into the 80s. America today is one were black people have the vote and have the same rites as white men and women. Today the leader of the free world is Black some thing that many though would never happen in there generation. But there are still inequality in America today. Urban ghettos are still mostly full of uneducated black people. Black men in America are four times more likely to go to prison. Drop out rates for black students are higher then white and those going on to collage and university is lower then whites. This problem goose back centres. The problem is not because of today issue ( but they don’t help ) its because of how they were treated 100 of years. Black people were first bought over to America for free labour. They were bought over from African costal countries. They helped build the new America. The land of the free which we all know was not through. After the civil war and when slavery final became illegal. The black people of America started in a world that still had ways of putting them down. Also this lead to racial conflict. Examples of laws agents black people were Jim Crow laws. These were laws that made segregation the right of way for millions of people things like black people had to us different rest rooms to white people. Black people could not eat in the same area as white people. Black people could not site beside white people on bus and any other forms of public transport . All these laws enforced the idea that white people were inferior to black people and other ethnic groups like Asian and Latinos. After years of abuse from there own federal and state governments plus from normally every day people and groups like the KKK. Black people be came sick and tired of being suppressed. This is when things like the civil rights movement began to form. The civil rights movement most know able leader was Martin Luther King. A black doctorate in theology he became the spokes man for millions of black people not only in the south of America but also the north. The civil rights was a peaceful movement but this dose not mean they weren’t attacked. Women , Children , Men were all killed for being part of this group. White people manly of the south how would be republican right wing conservative. These people believed that things like homosexuality was an abomination , that federal govt should stay out of state policies and the army should have segregated and black people should have no vote or the same rites of any white person. These vies were not the same for all white people some believed in the civil rights movement and what it stranded for both in the south and north . They were the ones who mostly used violence’s against the civil rights movement. They boomed Kings house , killed people who tried to get black people to votes est. Things like this did help the civil rights movement in away. They got support from liberals how did not support violence and the support was at home and aboard. But when King was assonated by who we will never really find out. We seen the first wave of blacks using violence to retaliate against the federal but more so the state govts. After kings death there riots all across america. 46 people were killed. After kings death the civil rights movement changed. groups like the black panthers started fighting for the rites of black people using violence . They also had strong ties to drugs and crime. People like Malcolm X started encouraging violence agents white people. Many people believed what he was saying was through . At that stage the divide between blacks and whites was growing. With the boom of the economy in America more white people started moving out of the cites into the suburbs. This made an even bigger gap between whites and blacks. Black people could not afford to move out of the city centres. This meant that the city centres of most cites across America were mostly filled with black people. With this the government started spending less and less money on these areas. All these things add together like lack of jobs , poor education and health care meant that these areas became ghettos. With these ghettos came crime. People couldn’t get jobs and they still need to pay the bills and put food on the table. Selling and using of drugs became a huge problem in these areas. Using and supplying of drugs became easer in the cite ghettos with the lack of police in the areas. And with the drugs came crime. The situation was not helped when people could buy a news paper just as easy as a gun. Death by drugs and crime in these areas were higher then any were else’s in America. In the 1970s 30 per cent of America crimes were reported by six cites in America that only had 12 per cent of the total population of America. And these cites had large black ghettos and populations. Much of the crime in America was drug related. This had a ripple effect on the ghettos law and order was not respect. People how became addicts began robbing to pay for there habits. To make matters worse drug gangs started street battles over selling areas of the cites. The governments tried tackle the issue by building urban house for the people of these ghettos. They failed hugely. The high rise apartments became drug and crime ridden. The effects were seen through out life some of them were isolation , marriage break ups . Some governments did try tackling the issue people like J. F. K gave more money to education and job tanning in the areas. But the problem contained on. J. F. K. believed in what many were saying. He though that investing in education would close the gap between the white and black community. He believed that by teaching them from a young that there was no defences’ between white and black people that the gap would be closed between the two communities. In a way this did work children dint don’t see any differences between white and black at that young ages there still friends either way. Its when they grow up around racist ideology that them become racist themselves. But the gap still remind. White people living out in the suburbs of the cites of America they started setting up there own schools. They mite not have said it but they were all white schools. And then religious privet school started popping up all over America. These were just the same all white schools. Things like the brown case in 1954 were a black student had to travel on bus every day to get to any all black school when she lived rite next door to a white school. Her father both the case before the supreme court with support from the national association for the advance of coloured people ( NAACP). They won the case. But we know that not many things changed. when the case was won there was up rower in south with people believing that it would lead to mixed marries People in living in the ghettos saw the things Malcolm X and the black panthers to be saying true and be the only solution to the problem. This is when some black people started believing in racism they thought it be batter for black and white people to live separately. They thought they be batter off having there own black state were they would rule themselves. This made some sense for them some were they wouldn’t have to put up with the actions of white governments, but it was total against what they wouldn’t in a way they wonted an end to racism. Kings campaign and the civil rites movement was total against this. At the start of the civil rights campaign it was to have the rights of all race of all people , ethic groups and any other kind of minority be the same as the majority. But after the death of king things in the civil rights movement began to change. This is when racial conflict began to happen on a wider scale. Black people began attacking white people in retaliation to attacks by white racist groups like the KKK how did not represent the views of all white. Unseal the people attacked were usual did not wont to be involved they were inconstant people who just got pulled into a situation they did not wont to be part of. This is when the civil rights movement began to lose support around the world and from liberals in America. This is really when the civil rights movement ended. It was no longer about civil rights it began about violence in return for violence. All these things put together with other things going on at the same time in America like the space race , the fear of communism , and wars in Vietnam and American soldiers in other courtiers had a huge effect on the American society. American did change for the batter for the majority of people. Blacks , Latinos , Asians , Native American all in principal had the same rites as white people. But we all still know that racism and inequalities still happen in America today. Today in America the Black community is represented on state and federal government. Most people in Americas society are but native Americans are still under represented and go throw great hard ships and were problem treated worse by the American government then any other group like Asians est. ut on a whole America is batter of know then it was 50 years ago for every one including whit people. Things to get batter from what they are know all ethnic groups need to be represented on state and more importantly federal movements and things need to change in the field of education for every one to have the same rites educations in America should become free meaning that ever one has equally chances in life the same chances in life.

Phytoremediation Essays - Soil Contamination, Ecological Restoration

Phytoremediation Essays - Soil Contamination, Ecological Restoration Phytoremediation Introduction: In recent years it has become clear that some environmental chemicals can cause risks to the developing embryo and fetus. Evaluating the developmental toxicity of environmental chemicals is now a prominent public health concern. The suspected association between TCE and congenital cardiac malformations warrants special attention because TCE is a common drinking water contaminant that is detected in water supplies throughout the U.S. and the world. There is a lot of concern about the clean up of toxic pollutants from the environment. Traditional methods for cleaning up contaminated sites such as dig and haul, pump and treat, soil venting, air sparging and others are generally harmful to habitats. Some methods strip the soil of vital nutrients and microorganisms, so nothing can grow on the site, even if it has been decontaminated. Typically these mechanical methods are also very expensive. Most of the remediation technologies that are currently in use are very expensive, relatively inefficient and generate a lot of waste, to be disposed of. Cleaning up contamination: Phytoremediation is a novel, efficient, environmentally friendly, low-cost technology, which uses plants and trees to clean up soil and water contaminated with heavy metals and/or organic contaminants such as solvents, crude oil, polyaromatic hydrocarbons and other toxic compounds from contaminated environments. This technology is useful for soil and water remediation. Mechanisms: Phytoremediation uses one basic concept: the plant takes the pollutant through the roots. The pollutant can be stored in the plant (phytoextraction), volatized by the plant (phytovolatization), metabolized by the plant (phytodegradation), or any combination of the above. Phytoextraction is the uptake and storage of pollutants in the plants stem or leaves. Some plants, called hyperaccumulators, draw pollutants through the roots. After the pollutants accumulate in the stem and leaves the plants are harvested. Then plants can be either burned or sold. Even if the plants cannot be used, incineration and disposal of the plants is still cheaper than traditional remediation methods. As a comparison, it is estimated a site containing 5000 tons of contaminated soil will produce only 20-30 tons of ash (Black, 1995). This method is particularly useful when remediating metals. Some metals are also being recycled from the ash. Phytovolatization is the uptake and vaporization of pollutants by a plant. This mechanism takes a solid or liquid contaminant and transforms it to an airborne vapor. The vapor can either be the pure pollutant, or the plant can metabolize the pollutant before it is vaporized, as in the case of mercury, lead and selenium (Boyajian and Carriera, 1997; Black, 1995; Wantanbe, 1997). Phytodegradation is plants metabolizing pollutants. After the contaminant has been drawn into the plant, it assimilates into plant tissue, where the plant then degrades the pollutant. This metabolization by plant-derived enzymes such as nitrosedictase, laccase, dehalogenase, and nitrilase assimilates into plant tissue, where the plant then degrades the pollutant. This metabolization by plant-derived enzymes such as nitroredictase, laccase, dehalogenase, and nitrilase, has yet to be fully documented, but has been demonstrated in field studies (Boyajian and Carriera, 1997). The daughter compounds can be either volatized or stored in the plant. If the daughter compounds are relatively benign, the plants can still be used in traditional applications. The most effective current phytoremediation sites in practice combine these three mechanisms to clean up a site. For example, poplar trees can accumulate, degrade and volatize the pollutants in the remediation of organics. Techniques: Phytoremediation is more than just planting and letting the foliage grow; the site must be engineered to prevent erosion and flooding and maximize pollutant uptake. There are 3 main planting techniques for phytoremediation. 1.Growing plants on the land, like crops. This technique is most useful when the contaminant is within the plant root zone, typically 3 - 6 feet (Ecological Engineering, 1997), or the tree root zone, typically 10-15 feet. 2.Growing plants in water (aquaculture). Water from deeper aquifers can be pumped out of the ground and circulated through a reactor of plants and then used in an application where it is returned to the earth (e.g. irrigation) 3.Growing trees on the land and constructing wells through which tree roots can grow. This method can remediate deeper aquifers in-situ. The wells provide an artery for tree roots to grow toward the water and form

Free Essays on Fascism

Fascism and its Political Ideas Fascism is a form of counter-revolutionary politics that first arose in the early part of the twentieth-century in Europe. It was a response to the rapid social upheaval, the devastation of World War I, and the Bolshevik Revolution. Fascism is a philosophy or a system of government the advocates or exercises a dictatorship of the extreme right, typically through the merging of state and business leadership, together with an ideology of aggressive nationalism. Celebrating the nation or the race as an organic community surpassing all other loyalties. This right-wing philosophy will even advocate violent action to maintain this loyalty which is held in such high regards. Fascism approaches politics in two central areas, populist and elitist. Populist in that it seeks to activate "the people" as a whole against perceived oppressors or enemies and to create a nation of unity. The elitist approach treats as putting the people’s will on one select group, or most often one supreme leader called El Duce, from whom all power proceeds downward. The two most recognized names that go along with Fascism are Italy’s Benito Mussolini and Germany’s Adolf Hitler. The philosophy of Fascism can be traced to the philosophers who argue that the will is prior to and superior to the intellect or reason. George Sorel, Friedrich Nietzsche, and Georg Hegal are main philosophers who’s beliefs and ideologies greatly influenced the shaping of Fascist theory. Sorel (1847-1922) was a French social philosopher who had a major influence on Mussolini. Sorel believed that societies naturally became decadent and disorganized. This decay could only be slowed by the leadership of idealists who were willing to use violence to obtain power. Nietzsche (1844-1900) theorized that there were two moral codes: the ruling class ( master morality) and the oppressed class (slave mor... Free Essays on Fascism Free Essays on Fascism Fascism and its Political Ideas Fascism is a form of counter-revolutionary politics that first arose in the early part of the twentieth-century in Europe. It was a response to the rapid social upheaval, the devastation of World War I, and the Bolshevik Revolution. Fascism is a philosophy or a system of government the advocates or exercises a dictatorship of the extreme right, typically through the merging of state and business leadership, together with an ideology of aggressive nationalism. Celebrating the nation or the race as an organic community surpassing all other loyalties. This right-wing philosophy will even advocate violent action to maintain this loyalty which is held in such high regards. Fascism approaches politics in two central areas, populist and elitist. Populist in that it seeks to activate "the people" as a whole against perceived oppressors or enemies and to create a nation of unity. The elitist approach treats as putting the people’s will on one select group, or most often one supreme leader called El Duce, from whom all power proceeds downward. The two most recognized names that go along with Fascism are Italy’s Benito Mussolini and Germany’s Adolf Hitler. The philosophy of Fascism can be traced to the philosophers who argue that the will is prior to and superior to the intellect or reason. George Sorel, Friedrich Nietzsche, and Georg Hegal are main philosophers who’s beliefs and ideologies greatly influenced the shaping of Fascist theory. Sorel (1847-1922) was a French social philosopher who had a major influence on Mussolini. Sorel believed that societies naturally became decadent and disorganized. This decay could only be slowed by the leadership of idealists who were willing to use violence to obtain power. Nietzsche (1844-1900) theorized that there were two moral codes: the ruling class ( master morality) and the oppressed class (slave mor... Free Essays on Fascism Fascism is looked down upon by most people throughout the world. I personally believe fascism to be an evil approach of control and domination of people. In the anthology titled â€Å"An Introduction to the Politics and Philosophy of Jose Ortega Y Gasset† by Andrew Dobson, Dobson writes an article about Ortega being accused of being a Spanish Fascist. That is a very serious accusation despite the fact that Ortega had written several anti-fascist essays. Dobson writes a few quotes from Ortega that can be accused of Fascist-like remarks, but that is not what Ortega tries to get across. I believe a proper definition of Fascism needs to be stated to show what exactly Fascism is. Fascism is a system of government marked by centralization of authority under a dictator, stringent socioeconomic controls, suppression of the opposition through terror and censorship, and typically a policy of belligerent nationalism and racism. One of Ortega’s statements that led to the accusation was â€Å"In a country torn apart by dissentions, force is justified in bringing people together if their prejudices work against ‘historical necessity.’ Against them, the only effective thing is the power of force, grandiose historical surgery.† (p.99) I believe this statement definitely supports a Fascist theme to a degree. On the other hand, Dobson shows an entire letter that was written by Ortega expressing his disgust towards Benito Mussolini and his Fascist ways of government. It is a complete contradiction. Ortega is not attempting to be Fascist at all. When he ma kes comments as shown above, he intends it to rally people together as a country. I agree with Dobson’s interpretation of Ortega’s work. Ortega is simply trying to restore a little morale with his fellow countrymen during World War II. A few years ago, a football coach of mine once said similar things about using force and being brutal, in turn, his remarks inspired my team to go out and win t...

Free Essays on Nike Goes Global

, sayings and colors can all have very different meanings, so it is best to do heavy research and test marketing before making the international move. Nike has the opportunity to move into any global sport field they desire. They have already established a base in soccer, but there are other sports unique to European and Asian cultures in which Nike can capitalize. In Japan for example, baseball is a popular sport. In France, cycling and the Tour de France in known all over the world. A move into these areas may be advantageous. The Olympics are another area in which Nike can focus. Every two years there are either the winter games or the summer games. In 2006 the winter games will be held in Italy and in 2008 the summer games will be in Beijing. These are both great opportunities for Nike to expand into different sports and audiences. A benefit for Nike would be localization in other countries like they do in the United States. The marketing teams should research and find out who th e biggest and best sports athletes are of the time as well as those who are most popular. As in the United States, publicity and audience t... Free Essays on Nike Goes Global Free Essays on Nike Goes Global Nike’s Global Expansion A few decades ago a â€Å"fitness craze† swept through the nation and the world. Indoor and outdoor activities became enormously popular. Sports were no longer regarded as merely for recreation. Rather, sports are essential in order to live in healthy and productive life. More and more people start to exercise and as result a demand for athlete clothing and footwear has increased. Nike saw an opportunity to capitalize on this craze and turned it into a billion dollar empire. A global marketing perspective understands that there are differences between people and groups and that information on these differences can be acquired. Once acquired this information should shape business behaviors and decisions. The biggest risk a company faces is in how their brand translates into another culture. Words, sayings and colors can all have very different meanings, so it is best to do heavy research and test marketing before making the international move. Nike has the opportunity to move into any global sport field they desire. They have already established a base in soccer, but there are other sports unique to European and Asian cultures in which Nike can capitalize. In Japan for example, baseball is a popular sport. In France, cycling and the Tour de France in known all over the world. A move into these areas may be advantageous. The Olympics are another area in which Nike can focus. Every two years there are either the winter games or the summer games. In 2006 the winter games will be held in Italy and in 2008 the summer games will be in Beijing. These are both great opportunities for Nike to expand into different sports and audiences. A benefit for Nike would be localization in other countries like they do in the United States. The marketing teams should research and find out who the biggest and best sports athletes are of the time as well as those who are most popular. As in the United States, publicity and audience t...

Starbucks in China Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Starbucks in China - Case Study Example As the marketing rule goes, it has been known that the best of the market share can be achieved only if the organizations and firms go global. This can also be achieved by having risk taking minds behind the strategies. Starbucks has been planning to open around 1200 stores on an international scale this year alone (Fellner, 2008, p. 12). The main strategy that has been seen to be followed and been implemented by Starbucks includes the global level joint ventures and partnerships that Starbucks has with the other coffee chains all around the world. These are the ventures that allow the other companies to own and run coffee chains. The local partner of the country knows the best locations and can make aware of the local tax issues and customer demands, thus giving Starbucks a bit added customer appeal (Earnshaw, Graham et al., 2005, p. 33). Starbucks has been seen to gain much popularity in China as compared to KFC and McDonalds. China has been embracing the idea of global trade and global business since many years and it has been seen that the foreign firms and organizations feel at home while they work in a foreign country, especially China. One of the main strategies that has been implied by Starbucks is that it is aware that the Chinese people do not like coffee. Therefore, Starbucks plans to provide the Chinese with more kinds and varieties of tea.

Coming of the American Civil War Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Coming of the American Civil War - Essay Example The idea of â€Å"Manifest Destiny† made American leadership ardent worshipers of expansion. Texas decided to join with the United States, and on July 4, 1845, the annexation gained approval from the U.S. Congress. This was the reason for beginning of the war between Mexico and United States. Whereas the Mexican-American War resulted in great territorial gains for America, its implications on the history of America turned out to be interesting and it created another history. It hastened the process of the American Civil War. From the point of view of the expansion of the geographical boundaries of USA, the present-day states of California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona and New Mexico, were part of the former Nation of Mexico. The far reaching implication of this war that resulted in the addition of the states is, the swing in the delicate balance between the slave states and free states. None was willing to lose the political power to the other and hence the threats of accession began to gain ground. This war was the training ground for the military men and officers and some of the individuals later led the American Civil War. The prominent generals amongst them were Ulysses S. Grant and Robert E. Lee. (Wilmot....) Wilmot Proviso led to major political upheavals in USA and to the creation of the Republican Party in 1854 based on anti-slavery platform. The prohibition of slavery from the newly acquired territories from Mexico was the sum and substance of Wilmot Proviso. For the opponents of slavery it provided a great platform. The evolution of the Free Soil Party is an important development of the 1840s resulting from the intense ideological difference between pro and anti-slavery movements in the United States. Though national politics was controlled by two major parties, Democratic and Whig, there were supporters and opponents of slavery within both the parties. In the newly acquired

Entrepreneurship and UK's Economic Recovery and Growth Essay

Entrepreneurship and UK's Economic Recovery and Growth - Essay Example The private sector has been turned with the express aim of replacing the employment opportunities that have been surrendered in the public service due to job cuts and for the emphasis on starting up of businesses in order to create jobs rather than lose them. Entrepreneurship is indeed the answer to the United Kingdom’s economic recovery and growth. For many a decade, British sociologists have been puzzled by entrepreneurship values atavistic persistence and about the aspirations of the labour force. This is despite the decrease in return on investment of entrepreneurial role and the dwindling numbers of new entrepreneurs in the UK. Given the laissez-faire traditions of the United Kingdom as far as business is concerned, entrepreneurial ambition is easier to understand as residual of the culture of the by-gone economic era. Max Webber, who founded the entrepreneurship research, has laid claim to the fact that Puritan theology once encouraged all its believers to adopt the role of the entrepreneur and define anew the content of the role. As a result, European form of capitalism, including the United Kingdom’s, was given a stimulus which gave it the chance to move its focus the restraints of guild traditionalism, which had earlier frustrated the development of capitalism in other regions of the world. Webber was able to identify a significantly causal form of entrepreneurship since he linked a determinant that was not economic, theology, to entrepreneurial supply. Webber was also of the belief that huge bureaucratic organizations were the future model of business (Soe, 2009 p88). This particular view can be construed as anti-entrepreneurial since most of these mammoth organizations are not in need of many entrepreneurs. His supposition that the twentieth century’s victorious capitalism did not need the support of any kind of religious asceticism was also significant at the time. His work tried to imply that capitalism, which could be consider ed mature, was reliant, upon, signals from the market that could be relied upon to provide entrepreneurs needed from a materialistic idealized population. This would result in the provision of entrepreneurs by the market, which was in place to replace the role of the wider society in providing these entrepreneurs. Webber’s vision took the presumption that capitalism had matured enough and had moulded a crucial labour force where there was cultural enshrinement and legitimization of entrepreneurship (Soe, 2009 p65). In the wake of this shift in culture in the United Kingdom, entrepreneurship has become an elastic, fungible, and inexhaustible commodity of labour. He concluded that entrepreneurship had lost the connection it historically had to supply sources that were of a non-economic nature, and, therefore, had lost its significance causally. Schumpeter expressed the theory that entrepreneurship can be distinguished from economic innovation by treating entrepreneurship as one of the ways via which economic innovation can occur (Soe, 2009 p89). He supposed that professionally managed, large, and corporately organized firms had the impetus to replace owner-operated small firms as the industrial combination that was dominant in societies with advanced markets. However, management of giant corporations would take the duties of entrepreneurship. Professional managers thus would take over the tasks of entrepreneurs in plan execution, risk evaluation, and innovation planning. Karl Marx who was uninterested in

What does the experience of school by Japanese youth suggest about the Essay

What does the experience of school by Japanese youth suggest about the education for sustainable development In what ways does it resonate in Malaysia - Essay Example As defined by the World Bank Group, Education is the first step for poverty reduction and to increase human development. It is a primordial element to acquire knowledge. It is stated at the top of every state policy they will implement. Each government makes an effort to improve their system of education, because this will benefit their country, particularly their economy, in the long run. As Milton Freidman stated, the government interferes with its citizens’ education to promote the welfare of the society. An educated individual is a great addition to boost a country’s economic growth and to sustain its future needs, provided that he will be able to apply what he had learned from school. Sustainable development is a concept which deals with the balance on how present demands are meet without compromising the future needs of the young generations. This protects a country from exhausting all its natural resources to meet its present needs without undermining its economi c growth. It is how conflicts should be resolved between the present necessities and the economic development, in order to withstand the upcoming needs. Education for sustainable development is one of the most pressing topics in the world. as discussed in the preceding paragraphs, education is a tool for achieving sustainable development. It provides individuals training, discipline and knowledge. It gives guidance to the future work force. However, though the goal of education for sustainable development is towards a positive result, the idea still has negative implications along the way. ESD not only focused on the academic side of education but also how values are being taught to sustain development. The values formation curriculum varies from one country to another. It depends on how closely knit the cultural ties of a certain country (McKeown, Hopkins, Rizi, &Chrystalbridge 2002). Since the subject on values formation is not universally the same, the approach on the students va ries from one country to another. These problems lead us to the question whether the predicaments in the present education will be able to sustain the impending needs of the future generations. In this paper, a comparative analysis will be presented with regard the education for sustainable development in Japan and Malaysia, and its negative implications to its people. The discussion made on this paper has transcendental importance and must be able to provide us a concrete picture of what is happening in these two countries, and to examine whether such will be advantageous in the long run. Japan and its Economy Japan is one of the most looked up countries, especially in Asia, due to its rapid economic progress. According to Asianinfo.org (2011a), tt is the third largest economy in the world. The currency used by Japan is Yen. It implements a semi-pegged foreign exchange. Japan’s leading industries are manufacturing, construction, communication and distribution. All these sect ors are backed by the country’s labor force (Japan-guide.com 2011). In state.gov (2011) it is stated that the work force in Japan is approximately 65.9 million in 2010, which is divided in three main sectors: Services which is composed of 68 percent of the work force, industry with 28% and agriculture with 4 percent. The literacy rate in Japan in 2010 is an outstanding 99 percent. The literacy statistics show that Japan has an excellent educational system. Education in Japan According to Kaori Okano and Motonori Tsuchiya (1999), education plays a major role on the countries development. Education must be able to cope up with the speedy economic growth of Japan. With that, state

Eight steps in developing effective communications Essay

Eight steps in developing effective communications - Essay Example Eight steps in developing effective communications Sulemana asserts that successful corporate communication plans are those created after a thorough appraisal of a corporation’s former and current strategies of communicating with its customers and employees. He cites a study conducted at Columbia University’s Centre of Continuing Education that found that an excellent communication plan is one that identifies ways that a given company can move from the status quo to its desired point in the future. Salisbury points out that change management is thus successful when it takes into consideration the views of the target group. Furthermore, this helps to cement choices of the kinds of communication styles one wishes to use, the budget, audiences to use and the ways of conducting an appraisal of the communications program. A plan also helps company executives to guard against last minute interruptions or unnecessary changes. They are also able to control effectively the program with great peace of mind. A proper communications strategy is a vital aspect of any company’s success. It determines a company’s perception by the outside world, which in turn determines the company’s reputation as well as profitability. It also enhances teamwork and understanding among the employees helping them to remain highly motivated. As a result, their productivity increases which serve to benefit the company. All companies should consider investing in a communications plan as it certainly has the potential to boost growth.

What does the experience of school by Japanese youth suggest about the Essay

What does the experience of school by Japanese youth suggest about the education for sustainable development In what ways does it resonate in Malaysia - Essay Example As defined by the World Bank Group, Education is the first step for poverty reduction and to increase human development. It is a primordial element to acquire knowledge. It is stated at the top of every state policy they will implement. Each government makes an effort to improve their system of education, because this will benefit their country, particularly their economy, in the long run. As Milton Freidman stated, the government interferes with its citizens’ education to promote the welfare of the society. An educated individual is a great addition to boost a country’s economic growth and to sustain its future needs, provided that he will be able to apply what he had learned from school. Sustainable development is a concept which deals with the balance on how present demands are meet without compromising the future needs of the young generations. This protects a country from exhausting all its natural resources to meet its present needs without undermining its economi c growth. It is how conflicts should be resolved between the present necessities and the economic development, in order to withstand the upcoming needs. Education for sustainable development is one of the most pressing topics in the world. as discussed in the preceding paragraphs, education is a tool for achieving sustainable development. It provides individuals training, discipline and knowledge. It gives guidance to the future work force. However, though the goal of education for sustainable development is towards a positive result, the idea still has negative implications along the way. ESD not only focused on the academic side of education but also how values are being taught to sustain development. The values formation curriculum varies from one country to another. It depends on how closely knit the cultural ties of a certain country (McKeown, Hopkins, Rizi, &Chrystalbridge 2002). Since the subject on values formation is not universally the same, the approach on the students va ries from one country to another. These problems lead us to the question whether the predicaments in the present education will be able to sustain the impending needs of the future generations. In this paper, a comparative analysis will be presented with regard the education for sustainable development in Japan and Malaysia, and its negative implications to its people. The discussion made on this paper has transcendental importance and must be able to provide us a concrete picture of what is happening in these two countries, and to examine whether such will be advantageous in the long run. Japan and its Economy Japan is one of the most looked up countries, especially in Asia, due to its rapid economic progress. According to Asianinfo.org (2011a), tt is the third largest economy in the world. The currency used by Japan is Yen. It implements a semi-pegged foreign exchange. Japan’s leading industries are manufacturing, construction, communication and distribution. All these sect ors are backed by the country’s labor force (Japan-guide.com 2011). In state.gov (2011) it is stated that the work force in Japan is approximately 65.9 million in 2010, which is divided in three main sectors: Services which is composed of 68 percent of the work force, industry with 28% and agriculture with 4 percent. The literacy rate in Japan in 2010 is an outstanding 99 percent. The literacy statistics show that Japan has an excellent educational system. Education in Japan According to Kaori Okano and Motonori Tsuchiya (1999), education plays a major role on the countries development. Education must be able to cope up with the speedy economic growth of Japan. With that, state

Candide El Dorado sequence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Candide El Dorado sequence - Essay Example Candide and Cacambo are appreciated in this strange land. Their host, the king and the old man together personify the goodness inherent in all human beings. Remember Candide has had a rough time since his fleeing the home of the Baron. He nearly gives up on the concept of equality and fairness. Despite the lessons received from Con’egonde’s tutor - the philosopher on equality of humanity, the harsh conditions in life alter his mentality towards a state of despondency (Shmoop 32). Eldorado therefore, offers an opportunity to dream again of a just society. Once again Candide is offered a lifeline. He has a reason to live more and appreciate life for what it is. The comparisons by Candide of the life in Westphalia and the life in Eldorado serve to show that Eldorado offers humanity a fair share of life. Candide compares the smiles of the schoolmaster to that of the old man, the kind of excuses given by the old man and even the life lived by the royalty under the king compa red to life in the baron’s palace. The depiction is of a people respectful of the sanctity of life. The society in Eldorado respects life. They purpose to preserve life. This is a major difference from the other cities and places Candide visits in his journeys (Voltaire 24). In his own land, he was forced out merely due to his unpermitted interaction with the daughter of the baron. This is due to an intolerant despot in the person of the baron. He represents the irony of societal leaders. Ideally, leadership was for maintenance of order, peace and harmony. Leaders are expected to be servants of the people. However, the baron’s demeanor full of contempt towards his own subjects who he openly discriminates offers the least of that. Consequently, Candide is denied with the pleasure and privilege of engaging with the baron’s daughter Con’egonde. Therefore, the warm reception Candide receives in Eldorado surprises him. This is a significant aspect of leadershi p. The author depicts the king in Eldorado as the true leader. The reception to the king’s residence not only amuses Candide but depicts the humility of the royalty in Eldorado (Wilson and Reill 201). Eldorado is a world of liberalism. The king allows ideas and pursuit of individual happiness. The bigotry and hypocrisy of other world leaders are openly disdained. The Eldorado’s are free to trade through the market system. Merchants, currency and commerce in general exist without an exploitative regime. The king does not hide behind service provision to collect taxes (Kohler and Magill).While other governments and societies employ the concept of laissez faire, they frustrate the spirit through the abuse of state resources. The free market system ideally views the government as the facilitator of free markets. It is on this premise that they pay taxes to enable governments provide the facilitating environment. However, in society, the governments of the day have continua lly abused state authority to satisfy their own selfish interests. The leadership of the king departs from this tradition. He allows economic empowerment. He uses the resources efficiently for the benefit of the people. Ideally, the author uses this to show his disdain of governments. He champions patriotic leadership that has the interest of the people at heart (Voltaire 24,25). Further a veiled effort to chide class struggles in society emanates. The primary reason that leads to Candide’

Overseas Distribution Essay Example for Free

Overseas Distribution Essay Having been able to establish a good web marketing technique can eventually take off as a good profitable platform. However, since the internet is considered to be a global upscale facility, it would be meaningful to cater to different international markets by partnering with very reliable retail partners catering overseas distributorship. One very good example of this retail company is the giant Wal-Mart. The company has an international operation facility which allows it to diversely introduce various products to global economies. Today, customers at 2,982 units in thirteen markets prove Wal-Marts Every Day Low Price promise is a message clearly understood in any language. Wal-Mart International employs more than 550,000 associates in Argentina, Brazil, Canada, China, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Japan, Mexico, Nicaragua, Puerto Rico and the United Kingdom. (Wal-Mart) Because of the fact that the company has penetrated these major global markets, Wal-Mart was able to establish its presence among these countries. It has now a solid foundation as a key player in distributing goods and services not only for global merchandises but for localized products as well in respective markets. Wal-Mart only abides by its corporate global rules which permitted them to be of good presence in each country they are established in. The following are: To follow the law at all times; be honest and fair; never manipulate; misrepresent, abuse or conceal information; avoid conflicts of interest between work and personal affairs; never discriminate against anyone; never act unethically – even if someone else instructs you to do so; never ask someone to act unethically; seek assistance if you have questions about the Statement of Ethics or if you face an ethical dilemma; cooperate with any investigation of a possible ethics violation; and report ethics violations or suspected violations. (Wal-Mart) Another giant which can be of great partner in terms of international retailer ship is Carrefour. Just like Wal-Mart, Carrefour has now a stable presence among major economies in the world. The French Retail conglomerate is currently operating in all of four continents; Asia, Africa, Europe and the Americas. Some of its key markets are Argentina, Brazil, China,, Japan, Thailand, Singapore, Egypt, France, Italy and Spain. It was also the first international retail company which established an office in Asia in 1989. (Wikipedia, 2007) Apparently, the approaches in establishing the presence in each country varied depending on how each country provides legal authorization for foreign companies to put up an office to do business. For example in China, â€Å"Carrefour formed joint ventures with some financial instruments and companies in the Chinese market. The company entered into direct deals with the local governments of various provinces in China to get the approval to set up its stores. † (Icmrindia) Entering the arena of international trade will require a few things to get a clear direction as to how the company will eventually survive the global ways of transactions. First, the company should have already established its presence in its home country and should have been operating with a very stable capital resource. Second, partnering with a company which already has an extensive network of business around the world would be the best possible step to do. This will cut costs in logistics and advertising expenses. Lastly, the company should be always updated about the current investment atmosphere of the respective countries it is involved in.This aspect will provide greater chances of preparing for safety measures if a certain unfavorable event is set to happen. References Icmrindia. (n. d. ). Carrefour’s Strategies in China. Retrieved November 9 2007 from http://www. icmrindia. org/casestudies/catalogue/Business%20Strategy/BSTR246. htm. Walmartstores. (n. d. ). International Operations. Retrieved November 8 2007 from http://www. walmartstores. com/GlobalWMStoresWeb/navigate. do? catg=369. Wikipedia. 2007. Carrefour. Retrieved November 9 2007 from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Carrefour.

Perspectives Of Moral Development

Perspectives Of Moral Development Morality has different principal meanings. In its first, descriptive usage, morality means a code of conduct or belief which is held to be authoritative in matters of right and wrong. Morals are created and defined by society, philosophy, religion, and/or individual conscience. Morality is also synonymous with ethics. Ethics is the philosophical study of the moral domain. Ethics seeks to address questions such as how a moral outcome can be achieved in a specific situation, how moral values should be determined, and what morals people actually abide by. This paper and presentation will discuss morality as it relates to the learning and cognitive perspectives in psychology, with the primary goal of discovering which perspective is stronger and why. There are many different theories of moral development, all with their own strengths and weaknesses. Perspectives, such as the competing learning and cognitive perspectives in this paper, try to explain why morality exists amongst humans. In this paper, we will discuss several important learning and cognitive theories of moral development and their associated critiques. More specifically, from the learning perspective, we will discuss Banduras social learning theory of moral development, Kohlbergs stages of moral development and Gillians expanded research on Kohlbergs stages of moral development. In particular, the cognitive perspective also shows to be particularly convincing in presenting morality in its light. The cognitive perspective brings many things to the table, such as, how evolutionary adaptive selfishness and never feeling anonymous can create ethical behavior and morality. The cognitive perspective ventures to say morality is only understood when seen in collections of people seeking their own self interest. Included in this paper is a study that supports this selfish tendency of humans. Morality can also been seen as an interplay of emotions and cognition. Lastly, through the cognitive perspective, cause and effect and brain structures are used to help explain morality. Learning Perspectives Social Learning Perspective Social learning is the acquisition of new behavior from watching others demonstration actions (children see, children do) (Bandura, 1969). It is important to note that just because you learn an observable behavior from someone else does not mean that you fully imitate that behavior. When discussing morality, people may pick up only certain pieces from observing others moral action, emulating to achieve the same goal, not imitating the exact motor functions. This is prevalent when discussing how we develop our morality. Most moral development theories state that acquisition of morality often occurs during childhood, as explained later on. One of the most important theories of moral development is Banduras social learning theory of moral development. According to social learning, a childs acquisition of adult moral standards is a gradual process of imitating the observable values and behavior of others. In this theory, moral development is learned through modeling (Bandura, 1969). Bandura believed that direct reinforcement does not account for all learning and intrinsic reinforcement as a form of internal reward, such as pride, satisfaction, and sense of accomplishment (Wagoner). Modeling teaches new behaviors, influences the frequency of previously learned behaviors, encourages previously forbidden behaviors, and increases the frequency of similar behaviors (Bandura, 1969). In order for modeling to work accurately, a person must be paying attention to the observable behavior, retain knowledge of the behavior, be able to replicate it, and have motivation of intrinsic-positive reinforcement. Modeling can be seen in the variety of ways people acquire their personal moral behavior. Primary attainment of morality is derived from immediate family. As a child your parents teach you their perspective of right and wrong through both contingencies and observational learning. For example the parents donate their clothes to the Salvation Army as an act of good will; by the child observing this behavior, he learns to be charitable and donate his clothes as well. Religion also heavily influences moral development by teaching a child to believe and ask for help from a higher power or creator. If a child were to go to church every Sunday growing up they would learn to have similar morals as the congregation such as helping others, living for the higher power, and differentiating between good and evil. Another important influence on childrens moral development is their education. In school, if a child sees another child get in trouble for cheating, that child will view the punishment a nd choose not to pick up the unmoral behavior of the other student. Other moral inspirations can include, but are not limited to media, peers, mentors, and positive role models. Overall, this model is the most frequently used when discussing moral development, but no theory comes without critiques. Our evaluation of this theory leads us to believe that this theory does not take into account that everyone has different ideas of morality. Therefore, what may be seen as just in ones life may not be for another. Another issue is whether morality develops out of intention or behavior. For example, if a person knows that his married friends husband is cheating of her, and tells her with the good intention of helping their marriage and it actually causes a murder, even though the friends intention was moral, the end result is not. This theory does not account for such ambiguities. Kohlbergs Stages of Moral Development Another important theory is Kohlbergs stages of Moral development. He based his theory on research and interviews that he conducted with children at younger ages. Kohlbergs theory consisted of six stages, and he was not so interested in the yes or no answers he received, but more on the logic behind the response (Jorgenson, 2006). The six stages included obedience and punishment orientation, individualism and exchange, good interpersonal relationships, maintaining the social order, social contract and individual rights, and universal principles (Jorgenson, 2006). Along with these six stages were three levels: pre-conventional morality, conventional morality, and post-conventional morality. Through the stages and levels the children begin to see that there is not just one authority, and there are different sides to all situations (Jorgenson, 2006). They also emphasize on being a good person, obeying laws, and concentrate on values that will make for a good society. Pre-conventional le vel holds stages one and two, and is when the child focuses on external consequences of a certain action (Jorgenson, 2006). At the conventional level the person is concerned with right or wrong and obeys laws rules and societys norms without consequences, and contains stages three and four (Jorgenson, 2006). Last the post-conventional level which composes stages five and six allows the person to realize to live by their own principles and definition of right and wrong (Jorgenson, 2006). Is it right or wrong to take something that is desperately needed if you have been turned down to receiving it? In one of Kohlbergs examples a women has a deadly disease and needs some rare medicine that the town druggist makes and sells for way too much. The husband of the women gathers some money, but not enough and asks the druggist for to give him the drug for what money he does have. The druggist of course says no, and later that night the husband breaks into the store and takes the medicine, so his wife does not have to suffer (Jorgenson, 2006). There are many different answers to this question, but your morals would be justified with your response. As any other theory Kohlbergs had critiques as well. The major dilemma with this particular theory is that some psychologists found it sexist. The six stages were more directed towards men than women (Jorgenson, 2006). Another problem with Kohlbergs theory is that is limited to morals and excludes moral values such as caring, and that there is an overlap between some of the stages. Critics also state that Kohlberg overemphasizes justice when making a moral decision. One last critique that seems to be an issue is the difference in knowing what we need to do and actually doing it. Gilligans Perspective of Moral Development Expanding on Kohlbergs theory, Carol Gilligan complained against male-centered psychology including Kohlbergs theory of moral development. Gilligan proposed stages of moral development for women. Her theory is very similar to Kohlbergs stages in that there is a preconvention, conventional, and post conventional stage, but what she discovered through her years of work with women is that when women make monumental moral decisions they are more concerned with caring than the rules of the game (Jorgenson, 2006). For Gilligan, the transitions between the stages are fueled by changes in the sense of self rather than in changes in cognitive capability (Jorgenson, 2006). With that in mind, Gilligan explained that the goal of the first stage is individual survival, transitioning from selfishness to responsibility for others. The second stages goal is to learn that self-sacrifice is goodness and a person transition is from goodness into truth that you are a person. Followed by the third, post conventional stage, where the goal is learning the principle of non-violence. (Jorgenson, 2006) Cognitive Perspectives Adaptation From the cognitive perspective, one way of explaining morality is by using evolution. From this viewpoint it is argued that more altruistic behavior was (in our ancestry) more beneficial than selfish behavior, which increased fitness for the non-selfish competing homo-sapiens. This would indeed allow more success than selfish behavior (Gintis, Henrich, Bowles, Boyd, Fehr, 2008). When it comes to surviving, it is of course easier to work as a group. This goes along well with the discussion that took place in Intro to Cognition class about whether or not there is truly a genuine altruistic act. In this particular case, the homo-sapiens that are less selfish are more altruistic, however, they are acting in their best interest. So it really depends on how one defines altruism. If altruism is defined by a person receiving zero benefit from a selfless act, then defending true altruism is quite difficult. It could be argued that a seemingly selfless act always provides a reward to an organ ism, whether it is internal or external. If the reward is not material, then it could be in the form of, for lack of better terms, a warm cozy feeling. Anonymity Discounting morality as an adaptation, Price explains being charitable to strangers as a carry over from our Pleistocene ancestors. In the past we encountered few strangers and our Pleistocene brains confused strangers with acquaintances and even kin. Furthermore, Price believes we act ethically under anonymous conditions, because anonymity was rare in our hunter-gatherer times. With anonymity being so rare, our stone-age brains never really act as if we are not being closely watched and socially evaluated (as cited in Gintis, Henrich, Bowles, Boyd, Fehr, 2008). It seems that we always think we are on stage even though we are not. Group survival One may argue that genuine altruism exists, but consider that an altruistic act, which may be costly to an individual may benefit the survival of a group (Gintis, Henrich, Bowles, Boyd, Fehr, 2008). Benefiting the group also benefits the individual that acted altruistically. So is this true altruism? Could our morality be based off of cognitive processes that are just a long run of our own self interest (Dawkins, 1989)? This further highlights the evolutionary advantages of morality. Taking the perspective that humans are purely survival machines, it is clear that ones self-interest is best preserved when being a team player. As R.D. Alexander put it in The Biology of Moral Systems, ethics, morality, human conduct, and the human psyche are to be understood only if societies are seen as collections of individuals seeking their own self-interest (as cited in, Gintis, Henrich, Bowles, Boyd, Fehr, 2008). Saving yourself vs. others To further show the evolutionary ingrained self-interest to act morally, a study by Moore, Clark, and Kane (2008), accurately predicted that killing to save oneself and other people would be more acceptable than killing to save only other people. When the situation called for inflicting harm to save only others, the harm was considered especially inappropriate. However, when the situation called for saving themselves and others, the harm was particularly appropriate. Factors such as personal or impersonal nature of inflicted harm, the benefit to the agent, the inevitability of victims deaths, and individual differences in Working-Memory-Capacity were all factors taken into account with this study. Emotion and Cognition Both emotion and cognition are at play with moral judgment, but it is still unclear as to how they interact. One view suggests that even though emotion and cognition operate together, they are dependent on largely separable neural systems. This is best seen when looking at difficult moral decisions associated with response conflict, leading to a competition between the limbic (emotional) and cognitive brain regions. In this scenario, automatic emotional responses must be suppressed by rational (cognitive) top-down processes so that better decisions can be made (Moll, de Oliveira-Souza, Zahn, 2008). Cause and Effect A way to look at the cognitive perspective of morality is based off of influence and consequence. People tend to make decisions based on the nature of the effect their actions will have on them. Moral judgment is said to be a cognitive process which is developed naturally. Cognitive scientists believe that the mind functions by means of heuristics-fast and frugal procedures for forming beliefs, reaching decisions, and performing actions (W. Armstrong, 14). Piaget states that morality is acquired through construction-actively thinking about multiple aspects of situations in which social conflicts arise and deriving new moral understandings. According to Lawrence Kohlberg, a strong follower of Piaget, the center of moral choice and feelings are based on the outcome of personal well being (Garcia, Solis p. 349). Kohlberg lays out six stages of moral development. In his book, Theories of Development, W.C. Crain summarizes Kohlbergs stages well. Collectively, in the six stages, a child co nceives right and wrong according to his authorities, then notices differentiating sides to issues and decides to pursue his own interest. As the child develops, he begins to absorb the societys values and expectations, and finally decides to adhere to the morals he thinks are accurate. This coincides with the beliefs that morality is both a learned and mental process. Brain Structures Morality is also said to be connected with brain structures and chemical reactions within the brain. These findings are mainly the result of the analysis and study of patients with changes in their social and moral behavior as a consequence of acquired brain injuries, as well as the study of normal and pathologic behaviors with structural and functional neuroimaging (Garcia, Solis p. 352). Lets go to the case of Phineas Gage. Gage was a railroad worker who had an accident on the job resulting in a rod piercing his brain and destroying his frontal lobes. Prior to his accident, Gage was well balanced, intelligent, and respectful. Afterwards, his friends described him as fitful, irreverent, and grossly profane, showing little deference for his fellows (Macmillan). The frontal lobe is believed to be the motor house for morality and cognition. According to researchers, any dysfunction in the frontal lobes of the brain shows a disassociation between social cognition and moral knowledge. Th e person no longer understands what morals are and how they affect his behavior. Research done by scientists at Harvard, Caltech, and the University of California concluded that there is a direct link between the neuro-anatomy of emotion and moral judgment. According to F. A. Von Hayek, humans do not directly perceive and respond. Instead, human perceptions, thoughts and actions are the result of internal transformations and computations that follow from processes repeatedly carried out by our minds (E. Gick). This belief associates with the dual process theory of moral judgment. Hayek supposes that we as individuals live in two worlds, a substantial one and phenomenal one. In our bodies, our minds are always processing new information. Our neurotransmitters, when excited by a stimuli, will send messages to our brain, which will in turn elicit a certain response. At times, a person can react one way when enticed by a stimulus, and a completely different way when enticed by that same stimuli in a different environment. Conclusion Both the learning and cognitive perspectives bring great arguments to the table; however, our group believes that the cognitive perspective wins out with more supporting scientific evidence. There is an obvious interplay between both perspectives. You must have a predisposing for moral development but you also must have an aspect of social learning involved. We have reasoned that people act morally by socially learning from their family, peers and other environmental factors, nevertheless, morality is ingrained in our brain. There are no morals without a place to put them. With that in mind, organisms have evolved into moral beings because it is beneficial to the person; making altruistic acts nonexistent. Another reason we believe the cognitive perspective to be stronger is because of the anatomy of the brain. Damage to the frontal lobes will change cognition, specifically moral cognition. Also, in general moral development is a cognitive process, led by the idea of heuristics. The social learning theory may explain morality in one aspect, but the organism still has to choose what they think (cognition) is moral behavior. Therefore, choosing the learning perspective as the strongest argument would be understandable and debatable, but without the cognitive backbone, morality would not exist.

Joseph Stalin Essay -- Biography Soviet Union European History

Joseph Stalin Joseph Stalin was one of the biggest mass murderers of the twentieth century. From the purges in the Red Army to forced relocations, Stalin had the blood of millions on his hands. This essay is not going to debate the fact that this was indeed a brutal and power hungry individual, because he was indeed just that. I will on the other hand show you that through his way of governing the Soviet Union, he actually saved mother Russia from the German invasion in World War Two through his cunning and ruthlessness. Joseph Stalin was a very industrious person and used every means possible to better prepare his country for the coming war that he believed was inevitable. Wether it was diplomatic plotting, economic maneuvering, or just plain brute force, Stalin used every tool in his vast arsenal. The following are some of the more important decisions and methods that Stalin employed. Stalin was forced to consolidate his power through harsh means to better rule the Soviet Union. He ordered the five year plans to industrialize the nation and ordered one of the largest military build up plans ever. Stalin attempted many times to reach a diplomatic solution and ways to delay war with the Axis powers while at the same time trying to guarantee security from the West. Stalin wanted nothing less than to rule the Soviet Union and make her the greatest country in the world and he would stop at nothing to reach those goals. In his quest for leadership Stalin wished to consolidate his power in only himself, t hus enabling him to better rule the Soviet Union. Stalin's roots in politics go all the way back to him being expelled from the theological seminary in Tiflis, Georgia in 1899. This was where Stalin got his first real taste for politics and from that point on his political ambitions grew greater and greater. Stalin soon joined up with the Social Democratic Party and after the party split over ideological differences in 1903, Stalin joined the Bolshevik party under Vladimir Lenin. From 1903 to 1912 Stalin was arrested, and managed to escape, several times. He was exiled to Siberia from 1913 to 1917, returning only after the fall of the Tsar. With the fall of the Tzar and the country in the hands of the revolutionaries Stalin believed it to be the perfect time to come back and renew his political ambitions. Stalin was appointed Commissar of Nationalities ... ... military industry at the beginning of the war and up-to-date equipment was starting to be delivered to the front. The movement of the war industry east contributed to the lack of material but proved to be the saving grace of the army in the end. At the end the Soviet war industries were producing some of the best equipment in the world. In the end I do believe that through Stalin's leadership the Soviet Union was saved. Had it been under the leadership of the intended Communist bureaucracy it would have surely fallen. As we have seen in our country even simple matters can take forever to go into effect or get started under a bureaucracy. In that highly volatile and dangerous time period only an iron fisted rule could bring about change fast enough to due any good. True in the short term peoples right were trampled upon and millions died from famine, purges, and the war itself but in the end hundred's of millions were saved. Bibliography Robert Conquest, The Great Terror, (Toronto: Macmillan and Co. Ltd, 1968), p.123. Alexander Werth, Russia at War, (London: Barrie and Rockcliff, 1964), p.19. Isaac Deutscher, Stalin, (New York: Oxford University Pres, Inc 1967.

Chaos and Literary Comparison Essay -- compare and contrast essay examp

Chaos and Literary Comparison   Ã‚  Ã‚   Abstract: I will show how chaos is can be found in art, specifically in literature, and analyze John Hawkes's Travesty to show the similarities between literature and chaos.    John Hawkes describes the "artistic challenge" as conceiving the inconceivable. In accordance with that thought, Wallace Stevens says, "Imagination is the power that enables us to perceive the normal in the abnormal." It is arguable that chaos, deterministic disorder, is both abnormal and inconceivable to the untrained mind; even to the person accustomed to chaos, the imagination is key to his/her perception of chaos. Therefore, chaos can be found not only in nature and scientific studies, but also in art, specifically literature. This assertion can be proved most easily through an analysis of John Hawkes's Travesty.    The short novel takes place in a speeding elegant sports car. The driver, who is the narrator, refers to himself as Papa. Papa is driving his daughter and a poet and family "friend," Henri. While driving, Papa informs them that he is aware of Henri's affair with both Papa's daughter and wife, and he is going to crash the car and all of its passengers into the stone wall of a desolate farmhouse. His purpose for this violent action is not, as would be easily concluded, to get revenge--that would simply be a bonus; his real purpose is to produce art. Papa is somewhat of an artist, and he has decided that the ultimate aesthetic is produced by the melding of the automobile into a new complex array according to his mental blueprint:    One moment the car in perfect condition, without so much as a scratch on its curving surface the next moment impact, sheer impact. Total destruction. In... ...s difficult to understand without the help of an active imagination. If imagination spurs art, then art and chaos can be easily intertwined. Hawkes has produced a story, a piece of art in itself, that incubuses chaos, but it also contains an explanation of chaos as artwork and how the two relate. Often people only see the final product of both chaos and art; it is possible and easy to forget about the process and the plan behind them.    Works Cited Conte, Joseph M. "Design and Debris": John Hawkes's Travesty, Chaos Theory, and the Swerve. Gleick, James. Chaos: Making a New Science. New York: Viking, 1987. Hawkes, John. Travesty. New York: New Directions, 1976. Hayles, N. Katherine. Chaos Bound: Orderly Disorder in Contemporary Literature and Science. Ithica: Cornell UP, 1990. Stevens, Wallace. The Collected Poems. New York: Knopf, 1954.

Odysseus Is a Strong Leader

Odysseus is a strong leader. Odysseus is a strong leader shown by many characteristics. To prove he is a strong leader I will be using determined, intelligent and loyal characteristics. In the myth Scylla and Charybdis it proves Odysseus is determined. It shows he is determined because all though it was difficult to get through he still had faith that they could make it passed Scylla and Charybdis and get home. â€Å"Odysseus knew that they would all be dragged down if they got too close to Charybdis.So he sipped around her, always keeping her in view† gives evidence how determined he was to get passed them while knowing he could be risking not only his life but his men life. Determination makes him a strong leader because if he would’ve given up he would be a weak leader, and to be a strong leader you have to have faith and keep trying. The Sirens shows how Odysseus is an intelligent. This myth proves he is intelligent because he thinks of a plan for himself and his me n to get passed The Sirens without dying. Odysseus told his men about them and that the only way to pass them safely was for each man to stop his ears with wax† shows the plan Odysseus thought about before passing through. Intelligent makes him a strong leader because if he didn’t have plans he wouldn’t be able to come up with the plan to survive or to get home. In the myth Aiolos and the Bag of Wind proves how Odysseus is loyal to his men. It shows how though his men didn’t trust him he still stood with them and wanted to get home.The myth says â€Å"Aiolos helps by putting all the stormy winds into a bag so they will not harm Odysseus and his men or blow them off course. During the voyage, suspicious and curious sailors open the bag thinking it is treasure† clarifies the men did not trust Odysseus. Loyalty makes him a strong leader because people follow him and leaders don’t give up on their men when they know they don’t trust him. T hese three myths prove how Odysseus is a Strong leader throughout his adventures with his men. .

Dry Shampoo

How do marketers assess the need of a product to market it†¦ In today’s competitive, global environment, new products and innovation are critical to a company’s growth and sustainability. Many companies today focus only on cost reduction. Generating revenue via new, differentiated products should also be part of the corporate strategy. Product development must be done within a strategic context that takes into account emerging market trends, environmental and regulatory rulings and trends, customer and employee needs and wants, and financial considerations.The development and launching of new products is perceived as a risk due to uncertainties of success after significant investments. In addition, the product development process is not well understood by most firms. Finding, developing, and exploiting new product growth can help corporations to maximize latent value in their new innovative products and growing markets, while diversifying risk. It also allows busin esses to focus on evolving macro and micro markets and to enhance customer satisfaction and competitive advantage. Begin market planning by clearly identifying the market you want to target.This may or may not be the market you are working with now. The idea is to think creatively about your product to determine what set of customers are going to give your business the cash flow, profit and growth it needs. Suppose I am going to start a business of â€Å"DRY SHAMPOO† as it is quite a new product for Bangladesh perspectives†¦ The so-called â€Å"French shower,† that curious Napoleonic custom of applying perfume or deodorant over unwashed flesh, went out of style with pantaloons, and certainly never spread to these more hygienic shores.Right? Hello, dry shampoo. Touted as a water and timesaving way to stay quote-unquote gorgeous on the go, these wildly popular shampoo substitutes allow the busiest exec to head straight from the bedroom to the boardroom without a pes ky shower in between. Just apply a cumulus of powder to the scalp, wait two minutes before brushing it out, and Fabulist achieved. Dry shampoo is a powdered substance used to clean the hair when you want to extend the length of a blowout or when it is not practical to use water and traditional shampoo.The market for dry shampoos, which are sold in both spray-on and powdered formulas, has exploded over the past few years. Name a high-end hair-care brand—Frederic Fekkai, Bumble and bumble, Oscar Blandi, Rene Futerer—and the chances are good that a revolutionary new dry-shampoo product is one of the top-selling items in the company's inventory. Their average price overs around $20 for about 3 ounces—not exactly a bargain. So, how well do they work? Old-fashioned wet shampoo cleans hair of all of the assorted gunk and free radicals that accumulate over the course of a day, as well as its natural oils, which are known as sebum.Dry shampoo, which usually has a base of talc, cornstarch, potato, or rice, soaks up rather than washes away sebum and dirt. When you brush out the powder, you're also (allegedly) brushing out the grime, too. Because the soak-up/brush-out method doesn't rid the hair of as much sebum, you can safely use dry shampoos once or several times between regular shampooing. But alert: Because dry shampoos are essentially spray-on powders, they can, even after vigorous brushing, lighten the crown of your head, which can be good or bad, depending on your desired hair color.Why Use Dry Shampoo? Fab Hair, Fewer Washes Over washing your hair can dry it out and cause hair color to fade. To preserve your color and maintain moisturized, sleek hair, it is best to wash your hair only 2-3 times per week. Additionally, if you’re strapped for time and you need to freshen up your locks (after the gym, before a night out, etc. ), dry shampoo serves as a fantastic option. Modern, busy women swear by dry shampoos! So the question is.. Who wi ll buy my product? Why will they buy my product? What will they pay for my product?Where do they expect to find this product? When spoke to a half-dozen dry shampoo devotees about their reliance on these potions. One â€Å"natural† said dry shampoo helps her disguise suspicious roots on the brink of her next highlight appointment, since the powder tends to lighten the hair. Another turns to it when she can't submit to the 45-minute blow-dry required to tame her frizzy curls. Then the third one who use it after midday workouts and the partygoers who want to refresh their appearance in the office bathroom.The marketer may recruit 2 or three testers for analyzing the range of hair types who are chemically enhanced one with thick hair and a schedule that only allows her to hit the gym during lunch. The second has thin hair that looks flat and oily by the end of the workday; she'd prefer to take a second shower before any nighttime assignations. The third one has thick, wavy, jet- black hair that requires herculean efforts to manage. All three work full-time and shampoo daily. generally obedient hair that never, ever wash on a daily basis, having been taught early on that too-frequent washing strips and damages hair over the long run.

Six Sigma and CQI discussion questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Six Sigma and CQI discussion questions - Essay Example Various instruments in six sigma are critical to improving efficiency in hospitals as they involve collecting feedback from health care users and staff on the quality of services offered in the organisation, collecting and analysing the data to identify the causes and effects of the challenges that are encountered in provision or receiving of health care. The information or the trends that are derived after data analysis are then used to improve the situation to the optimal levels, and then measures and controls are put in place to ensure any deviations in future are rectified before they can cause damages or defects to the customer (Arthur, 2011). With efficiency improved, wastages such as idle staff or some hospital facilities that are underused will be put in to optimal use, thus ensuring that the hospital is operating at minimal costs level. The hospital will increase the volume of patients that can be served per day therefore increasing profitability since efficiency has also been maximised. Continuous quality improvement is a never ending programme that is aimed at improving products and services that an organisation offers to its clients and is driven by data and feedbacks from clients. The programme is nor driven by complaint or events, rather it is self initiating and aims to improve on the current quality levels. In a health care organisation, this means the management should keep on improving on the quality of health care offered to users continually based of the responses and suggestions from all the relevant stakeholders and not wait upon when complaints or bad incidents happen. Based on the information gathered from the continuous quality improvement and knowledge present within the organisation, new methods of practising can be built. This can be done through staff motivation or evaluation forums with the personnel in the

Observing Math instruction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Observing Math instruction - Essay Example It also allows students to learn both individually and in groups. This lesson will allow the impaired students to use their own senses. Their senses become highly developed, and they work on the ones they have shown deficiencies in. The lesson plan will also appeal to those with ADHD because of its stimulating and interactive nature. Primary: For students to understand that one whole turn is 3600, three quarters turn is 2700, half a turn is 1800 and a quarter turn is 900 this knowledge then gets applied while measuring angles using a protractor. Explain to students what the process for observation and learning will be for the measuring of angles. Lesson will commence with finding out what the students know about the angles. This gets followed by individual observation of how the teacher and the instructor on the projector turn. This will get done step by step until all angles are covered. Teacher then guides the students to measure the angles on photographs provided with a protractor. The lesson will sum up through questions that will test the understanding of the students and make clarifications. Introduce the lesson through an interactive session between the students and teacher. Explain to the students that one complete turn is four right angles. Ask the students to stand up and face North. Instruct them on the direction to face and face that way. Tell them to follow your instruction and to copy. Students watch on the projector and observe how the instructor turns making different turns to indicate different angles. This gets done step by step to allow students to emulate what the instructor is doing and understand which angle the turn indicates. Students will answer various questions assigned by the teacher to be answered during the observation. For example, how many degrees are; the first turn, second turn, third turn, fourth turn and fifth turn? After this, in small

Business case Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Business case - Essay Example Meanwhile research has shown that 70% of Americans rely on the internet for information (people-press.org, 2008). Having said that, it follows that any business that wishes to succeed and grow must employ and use the internet. Again, market issues can also be noticed in the distribution and source of stock. There is neither provision for stocks to be transported and delivered to buyers; nor expert advice on plant placing, nurturing, watering and manure. Also while the interest of Alice is on environmental issues are commendable, but environmental issues are basically social responsibility, and if a company can’t be responsible to its staff, it can not afford responsibility to the greater environment. Having customers aged 55 and over is not a good thing. This simply means that when this group retires off, no younger generation is available to replace them (Manhaimer, 2010). Alice should develop a good relationship with youths by developing marketing promotions and adverts specially targeted at this market niche. Apart from replacing the aging population, youths also influence the buying decisions of their families. Also the low stock turnover indicates poor management and marketing functions (Chukwudire, 2010). Greater attention should be paid to improve the situation. The human resources issues are highly interconnected with one leading to the other, a chain effect. First workers are not properly selected; the interview process is completely ignored, posing several problems for the organization (Chua, 2010). Employees are hired without being sure they can do the job, want to do it, and can actually fit in. These lapses create motivational problems which would have been avoided if proper interviews were properly carried out. The leadership style is identified as Patriarchal, which comes with domination, authoritarianism, and absolute power (Kanyaro, 2006). In this kind of relationship, the final answer is vested in one person who is

Food Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Food Analysis - Essay Example Pollan identified this concern and explored it extensively in his script the omnivore’s dilemma. Based on the concepts noted by Pollan and other scholars would enable one analyze the production, handling of chicken, its effects and suitability in the society. Since the date of domestication, chicken has dominated people’s diet since it has a high nutrition value. Individuals also prefer chicken because of its less complicated rearing and preparation procedures. Consequently, chicken is customary food that is significant in the contemporary society (Michael 18). Industries can process chicken into various food supplements based on modern technologies. This has increased the popularity of this type of food. Studies indicate that the present chicken consumption rate is about 4kgs per head within a year, and estimates highlight that the rate is likely to increase in future. Furthermore, studies assert that more than 60% of world’s population consumes chicken (Neil & Clive 4). During earlier centuries, the society consumed chickens that came from local homes where they were reared using customary procedures and in small quantities. However, this is never the situation with the current society. These customary sources are unable to sustain high demands for chicken leading to the establishment of the alternative sources. Presently, the society entirely gets chickens from commercial industries specializing in chicken rearing. Individuals obtain chickens from chicken complexes that have hatcheries, processing units, and chicken farms. These plants rear chickens specifically for commercial purposes (Michael 26). In these commercial centers, chickens grow in secluded cages or houses with limited space for movements. Initially, in the hatchery, a selecting breed with rapid growth and weight gaining rates provide the eggs that are hatched to produce chicks (Michael 28). These chicks are reared in houses